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Together with an extremely warm Northern Hemisphere (NH) summer1,two, 2023 has been claimed as the most well liked yr on record3-5. Contextualizing the latest anthropogenic warming from past natural variability is nontrivial, having said that, since the sparse 19th century meteorological documents tend to be also warm6. Right here, we Incorporate observed and reconstructed June-August (JJA) surface air temperatures to point out that 2023 was the warmest NH added-tropical summer over the past 2000 years exceeding the 95% self confidence array of all-natural climate variability by greater than half a diploma Celsius.
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